MFEM  v4.6.0
Finite element discretization library
ex17p.cpp
Go to the documentation of this file.
1 // MFEM Example 17 - Parallel Version
2 //
3 // Compile with: make ex17p
4 //
5 // Sample runs:
6 //
7 // mpirun -np 4 ex17p -m ../data/beam-tri.mesh
8 // mpirun -np 4 ex17p -m ../data/beam-quad.mesh
9 // mpirun -np 4 ex17p -m ../data/beam-tet.mesh
10 // mpirun -np 4 ex17p -m ../data/beam-hex.mesh
11 // mpirun -np 4 ex17p -m ../data/beam-wedge.mesh
12 // mpirun -np 4 ex17p -m ../data/beam-quad.mesh -rs 2 -rp 2 -o 3 -elast
13 // mpirun -np 4 ex17p -m ../data/beam-quad.mesh -rs 2 -rp 3 -o 2 -a 1 -k 1
14 // mpirun -np 4 ex17p -m ../data/beam-hex.mesh -rs 2 -rp 1 -o 2
15 //
16 // Description: This example code solves a simple linear elasticity problem
17 // describing a multi-material cantilever beam using symmetric or
18 // non-symmetric discontinuous Galerkin (DG) formulation.
19 //
20 // Specifically, we approximate the weak form of -div(sigma(u))=0
21 // where sigma(u)=lambda*div(u)*I+mu*(grad*u+u*grad) is the stress
22 // tensor corresponding to displacement field u, and lambda and mu
23 // are the material Lame constants. The boundary conditions are
24 // Dirichlet, u=u_D on the fixed part of the boundary, namely
25 // boundary attributes 1 and 2; on the rest of the boundary we use
26 // sigma(u).n=0 b.c. The geometry of the domain is assumed to be
27 // as follows:
28 //
29 // +----------+----------+
30 // boundary --->| material | material |<--- boundary
31 // attribute 1 | 1 | 2 | attribute 2
32 // (fixed) +----------+----------+ (fixed, nonzero)
33 //
34 // The example demonstrates the use of high-order DG vector finite
35 // element spaces with the linear DG elasticity bilinear form,
36 // meshes with curved elements, and the definition of piece-wise
37 // constant and function vector-coefficient objects. The use of
38 // non-homogeneous Dirichlet b.c. imposed weakly, is also
39 // illustrated.
40 //
41 // We recommend viewing examples 2p and 14p before viewing this
42 // example.
43 
44 #include "mfem.hpp"
45 #include <fstream>
46 #include <iostream>
47 
48 using namespace std;
49 using namespace mfem;
50 
51 // Initial displacement, used for Dirichlet boundary conditions on boundary
52 // attributes 1 and 2.
53 void InitDisplacement(const Vector &x, Vector &u);
54 
55 // A Coefficient for computing the components of the stress.
56 class StressCoefficient : public Coefficient
57 {
58 protected:
59  Coefficient &lambda, &mu;
60  GridFunction *u; // displacement
61  int si, sj; // component of the stress to evaluate, 0 <= si,sj < dim
62 
63  DenseMatrix grad; // auxiliary matrix, used in Eval
64 
65 public:
66  StressCoefficient(Coefficient &lambda_, Coefficient &mu_)
67  : lambda(lambda_), mu(mu_), u(NULL), si(0), sj(0) { }
68 
69  void SetDisplacement(GridFunction &u_) { u = &u_; }
70  void SetComponent(int i, int j) { si = i; sj = j; }
71 
72  virtual double Eval(ElementTransformation &T, const IntegrationPoint &ip);
73 };
74 
75 // Simple GLVis visualization manager.
76 class VisMan : public iostream
77 {
78 protected:
79  const char *host;
80  int port;
82  int sid; // active socket, index inside 'sock'.
83 
84  int win_x, win_y, win_w, win_h;
85  int win_stride_x, win_stride_y, win_nx;
86 
87 public:
88  VisMan(const char *vishost, const int visport);
89  void NewWindow();
90  void CloseConnection();
91  void PositionWindow();
92  virtual ~VisMan();
93 };
94 
95 // Manipulators for the GLVis visualization manager.
96 void new_window (VisMan &v) { v.NewWindow(); }
97 void position_window (VisMan &v) { v.PositionWindow(); }
98 void close_connection(VisMan &v) { v.CloseConnection(); }
99 ostream &operator<<(ostream &v, void (*f)(VisMan&));
100 
101 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
102 {
103  Mpi::Init(argc, argv);
104  Hypre::Init();
105 
106  // 1. Define and parse command-line options.
107  const char *mesh_file = "../data/beam-tri.mesh";
108  int ser_ref_levels = -1;
109  int par_ref_levels = 1;
110  int order = 1;
111  double alpha = -1.0;
112  double kappa = -1.0;
113  bool amg_elast = false;
114  bool visualization = 1;
115 
116  OptionsParser args(argc, argv);
117  args.AddOption(&mesh_file, "-m", "--mesh",
118  "Mesh file to use.");
119  args.AddOption(&ser_ref_levels, "-rs", "--refine-serial",
120  "Number of times to refine the mesh uniformly before parallel"
121  " partitioning, -1 for auto.");
122  args.AddOption(&par_ref_levels, "-rp", "--refine-parallel",
123  "Number of times to refine the mesh uniformly after parallel"
124  " partitioning.");
125  args.AddOption(&order, "-o", "--order",
126  "Finite element order (polynomial degree).");
127  args.AddOption(&alpha, "-a", "--alpha",
128  "One of the two DG penalty parameters, typically +1/-1."
129  " See the documentation of class DGElasticityIntegrator.");
130  args.AddOption(&kappa, "-k", "--kappa",
131  "One of the two DG penalty parameters, should be positive."
132  " Negative values are replaced with (order+1)^2.");
133  args.AddOption(&amg_elast, "-elast", "--amg-for-elasticity", "-sys",
134  "--amg-for-systems",
135  "Use the special AMG elasticity solver (GM/LN approaches), "
136  "or standard AMG for systems (unknown approach).");
137  args.AddOption(&visualization, "-vis", "--visualization", "-no-vis",
138  "--no-visualization",
139  "Enable or disable GLVis visualization.");
140  args.Parse();
141  if (!args.Good())
142  {
143  if (Mpi::Root()) { args.PrintUsage(cout); }
144  return 1;
145  }
146  if (kappa < 0)
147  {
148  kappa = (order+1)*(order+1);
149  }
150  if (Mpi::Root()) { args.PrintOptions(cout); }
151 
152  // 2. Read the mesh from the given mesh file.
153  Mesh mesh(mesh_file, 1, 1);
154  int dim = mesh.Dimension();
155 
156  if (mesh.attributes.Max() < 2 || mesh.bdr_attributes.Max() < 2)
157  {
158  if (Mpi::Root())
159  {
160  cerr << "\nInput mesh should have at least two materials and "
161  << "two boundary attributes! (See schematic in ex17p.cpp)\n"
162  << endl;
163  }
164  return 3;
165  }
166 
167  // 3. Refine the mesh to increase the resolution.
168  if (ser_ref_levels < 0)
169  {
170  ser_ref_levels = (int)floor(log(5000./mesh.GetNE())/log(2.)/dim);
171  }
172  for (int l = 0; l < ser_ref_levels; l++)
173  {
174  mesh.UniformRefinement();
175  }
176  // Since NURBS meshes do not support DG integrators, we convert them to
177  // regular polynomial mesh of the specified (solution) order.
178  if (mesh.NURBSext) { mesh.SetCurvature(order); }
179 
180  ParMesh pmesh(MPI_COMM_WORLD, mesh);
181  mesh.Clear();
182 
183  for (int l = 0; l < par_ref_levels; l++)
184  {
185  pmesh.UniformRefinement();
186  }
187 
188  // 4. Define a DG vector finite element space on the mesh. Here, we use
189  // Gauss-Lobatto nodal basis because it gives rise to a sparser matrix
190  // compared to the default Gauss-Legendre nodal basis.
191  DG_FECollection fec(order, dim, BasisType::GaussLobatto);
192  ParFiniteElementSpace fespace(&pmesh, &fec, dim, Ordering::byVDIM);
193 
194  HYPRE_BigInt glob_size = fespace.GlobalTrueVSize();
195  if (Mpi::Root())
196  {
197  cout << "Number of finite element unknowns: " << glob_size
198  << "\nAssembling: " << flush;
199  }
200 
201  // 5. In this example, the Dirichlet boundary conditions are defined by
202  // marking boundary attributes 1 and 2 in the marker Array 'dir_bdr'.
203  // These b.c. are imposed weakly, by adding the appropriate boundary
204  // integrators over the marked 'dir_bdr' to the bilinear and linear forms.
205  // With this DG formulation, there are no essential boundary conditions.
206  Array<int> ess_tdof_list; // no essential b.c. (empty list)
207  Array<int> dir_bdr(pmesh.bdr_attributes.Max());
208  dir_bdr = 0;
209  dir_bdr[0] = 1; // boundary attribute 1 is Dirichlet
210  dir_bdr[1] = 1; // boundary attribute 2 is Dirichlet
211 
212  // 6. Define the DG solution vector 'x' as a finite element grid function
213  // corresponding to fespace. Initialize 'x' using the 'InitDisplacement'
214  // function.
215  ParGridFunction x(&fespace);
217  x.ProjectCoefficient(init_x);
218 
219  // 7. Set up the Lame constants for the two materials. They are defined as
220  // piece-wise (with respect to the element attributes) constant
221  // coefficients, i.e. type PWConstCoefficient.
222  Vector lambda(pmesh.attributes.Max());
223  lambda = 1.0; // Set lambda = 1 for all element attributes.
224  lambda(0) = 50.0; // Set lambda = 50 for element attribute 1.
225  PWConstCoefficient lambda_c(lambda);
226  Vector mu(pmesh.attributes.Max());
227  mu = 1.0; // Set mu = 1 for all element attributes.
228  mu(0) = 50.0; // Set mu = 50 for element attribute 1.
229  PWConstCoefficient mu_c(mu);
230 
231  // 8. Set up the linear form b(.) which corresponds to the right-hand side of
232  // the FEM linear system. In this example, the linear form b(.) consists
233  // only of the terms responsible for imposing weakly the Dirichlet
234  // boundary conditions, over the attributes marked in 'dir_bdr'. The
235  // values for the Dirichlet boundary condition are taken from the
236  // VectorFunctionCoefficient 'x_init' which in turn is based on the
237  // function 'InitDisplacement'.
238  ParLinearForm b(&fespace);
239  if (Mpi::Root()) { cout << "r.h.s. ... " << flush; }
240  b.AddBdrFaceIntegrator(
242  init_x, lambda_c, mu_c, alpha, kappa), dir_bdr);
243  b.Assemble();
244 
245  // 9. Set up the bilinear form a(.,.) on the DG finite element space
246  // corresponding to the linear elasticity integrator with coefficients
247  // lambda and mu as defined above. The additional interior face integrator
248  // ensures the weak continuity of the displacement field. The additional
249  // boundary face integrator works together with the boundary integrator
250  // added to the linear form b(.) to impose weakly the Dirichlet boundary
251  // conditions.
252  ParBilinearForm a(&fespace);
253  a.AddDomainIntegrator(new ElasticityIntegrator(lambda_c, mu_c));
254  a.AddInteriorFaceIntegrator(
255  new DGElasticityIntegrator(lambda_c, mu_c, alpha, kappa));
256  a.AddBdrFaceIntegrator(
257  new DGElasticityIntegrator(lambda_c, mu_c, alpha, kappa), dir_bdr);
258 
259  // 10. Assemble the bilinear form and the corresponding linear system.
260  if (Mpi::Root()) { cout << "matrix ... " << flush; }
261  a.Assemble();
262 
263  HypreParMatrix A;
264  Vector B, X;
265  a.FormLinearSystem(ess_tdof_list, x, b, A, X, B);
266  if (Mpi::Root()) { cout << "done." << endl; }
267 
268  // 11. Define a simple symmetric Gauss-Seidel preconditioner and use it to
269  // solve the system Ax=b with PCG for the symmetric formulation, or GMRES
270  // for the non-symmetric.
271  const double rtol = 1e-6;
272  HypreBoomerAMG amg(A);
273  if (amg_elast)
274  {
275  amg.SetElasticityOptions(&fespace);
276  }
277  else
278  {
279  amg.SetSystemsOptions(dim);
280  }
281  CGSolver pcg(A.GetComm());
282  GMRESSolver gmres(A.GetComm());
283  gmres.SetKDim(50);
284  IterativeSolver &ipcg = pcg, &igmres = gmres;
285  IterativeSolver &solver = (alpha == -1.0) ? ipcg : igmres;
286  solver.SetRelTol(rtol);
287  solver.SetMaxIter(500);
288  solver.SetPrintLevel(1);
289  solver.SetOperator(A);
290  solver.SetPreconditioner(amg);
291  solver.Mult(B, X);
292 
293  // 12. Recover the solution as a finite element grid function 'x'.
294  a.RecoverFEMSolution(X, b, x);
295 
296  // 13. Use the DG solution space as the mesh nodal space. This allows us to
297  // save the displaced mesh as a curved DG mesh.
298  pmesh.SetNodalFESpace(&fespace);
299 
300  Vector reference_nodes;
301  if (visualization) { reference_nodes = *pmesh.GetNodes(); }
302 
303  // 14. Save the displaced mesh and minus the solution (which gives the
304  // backward displacements to the reference mesh). This output can be
305  // viewed later using GLVis: "glvis -m displaced.mesh -g sol.gf".
306  {
307  *pmesh.GetNodes() += x;
308  x.Neg(); // x = -x
309 
310  ostringstream mesh_name, sol_name;
311  mesh_name << "mesh." << setfill('0') << setw(6) << Mpi::WorldRank();
312  sol_name << "sol." << setfill('0') << setw(6) << Mpi::WorldRank();
313 
314  ofstream mesh_ofs(mesh_name.str().c_str());
315  mesh_ofs.precision(8);
316  mesh_ofs << pmesh;
317 
318  ofstream sol_ofs(sol_name.str().c_str());
319  sol_ofs.precision(8);
320  sol_ofs << x;
321  }
322 
323  // 15. Visualization: send data by socket to a GLVis server.
324  if (visualization)
325  {
326  char vishost[] = "localhost";
327  int visport = 19916;
328  VisMan vis(vishost, visport);
329  const char *glvis_keys = (dim < 3) ? "Rjlc" : "c";
330 
331  // Visualize the deformed configuration.
332  vis << new_window << setprecision(8)
333  << "parallel " << pmesh.GetNRanks() << ' ' << pmesh.GetMyRank()
334  << '\n'
335  << "solution\n" << pmesh << x << flush
336  << "keys " << glvis_keys << endl
337  << "window_title 'Deformed configuration'" << endl
338  << "plot_caption 'Backward displacement'" << endl
340 
341  // Visualize the stress components.
342  const char *c = "xyz";
343  ParFiniteElementSpace scalar_dg_space(&pmesh, &fec);
344  ParGridFunction stress(&scalar_dg_space);
345  StressCoefficient stress_c(lambda_c, mu_c);
346  *pmesh.GetNodes() = reference_nodes;
347  x.Neg(); // x = -x
348  stress_c.SetDisplacement(x);
349  for (int si = 0; si < dim; si++)
350  {
351  for (int sj = si; sj < dim; sj++)
352  {
353  stress_c.SetComponent(si, sj);
354  stress.ProjectCoefficient(stress_c);
355 
356  MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD);
357  vis << new_window << setprecision(8)
358  << "parallel " << pmesh.GetNRanks() << ' ' << pmesh.GetMyRank()
359  << '\n'
360  << "solution\n" << pmesh << stress << flush
361  << "keys " << glvis_keys << endl
362  << "window_title |Stress " << c[si] << c[sj] << '|' << endl
364  }
365  }
366  }
367 
368  return 0;
369 }
370 
371 
372 void InitDisplacement(const Vector &x, Vector &u)
373 {
374  u = 0.0;
375  u(u.Size()-1) = -0.2*x(0);
376 }
377 
378 
380  const IntegrationPoint &ip)
381 {
382  MFEM_ASSERT(u != NULL, "displacement field is not set");
383 
384  double L = lambda.Eval(T, ip);
385  double M = mu.Eval(T, ip);
386  u->GetVectorGradient(T, grad);
387  if (si == sj)
388  {
389  double div_u = grad.Trace();
390  return L*div_u + 2*M*grad(si,si);
391  }
392  else
393  {
394  return M*(grad(si,sj) + grad(sj,si));
395  }
396 }
397 
398 
399 VisMan::VisMan(const char *vishost, const int visport)
400  : iostream(0),
401  host(vishost), port(visport), sid(0)
402 {
403  win_x = 0;
404  win_y = 0;
405  win_w = 400; // window width
406  win_h = 350; // window height
407  win_stride_x = win_w;
408  win_stride_y = win_h + 20;
409  win_nx = 4; // number of windows in a row
410 }
411 
412 void VisMan::NewWindow()
413 {
414  sock.Append(new socketstream(host, port));
415  sid = sock.Size()-1;
416  iostream::rdbuf(sock[sid]->rdbuf());
417 }
418 
419 void VisMan::CloseConnection()
420 {
421  if (sid < sock.Size())
422  {
423  delete sock[sid];
424  sock[sid] = NULL;
425  iostream::rdbuf(0);
426  }
427 }
428 
429 void VisMan::PositionWindow()
430 {
431  *this << "window_geometry "
432  << win_x + win_stride_x*(sid%win_nx) << ' '
433  << win_y + win_stride_y*(sid/win_nx) << ' '
434  << win_w << ' ' << win_h << endl;
435 }
436 
437 VisMan::~VisMan()
438 {
439  for (int i = sock.Size()-1; i >= 0; i--)
440  {
441  delete sock[i];
442  }
443 }
444 
445 ostream &operator<<(ostream &v, void (*f)(VisMan&))
446 {
447  VisMan *vp = dynamic_cast<VisMan*>(&v);
448  if (vp) { (*f)(*vp); }
449  return v;
450 }
void InitDisplacement(const Vector &x, Vector &u)
Definition: ex17p.cpp:372
double Eval(ElementTransformation &T, const IntegrationPoint &ip, double t)
Evaluate the coefficient in the element described by T at the point ip at time t. ...
Definition: coefficient.hpp:68
int visport
Conjugate gradient method.
Definition: solvers.hpp:493
Class for grid function - Vector with associated FE space.
Definition: gridfunc.hpp:30
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
Definition: ex17p.cpp:101
void PrintOptions(std::ostream &out) const
Print the options.
Definition: optparser.cpp:331
int Dimension() const
Dimension of the reference space used within the elements.
Definition: mesh.hpp:1020
void PrintUsage(std::ostream &out) const
Print the usage message.
Definition: optparser.cpp:462
ostream & operator<<(ostream &v, void(*f)(VisMan &))
Definition: ex17p.cpp:445
T Max() const
Find the maximal element in the array, using the comparison operator < for class T.
Definition: array.cpp:68
Data type dense matrix using column-major storage.
Definition: densemat.hpp:23
virtual void Mult(const Vector &x, Vector &y) const =0
Operator application: y=A(x).
double kappa
Definition: ex24.cpp:54
bool Good() const
Return true if the command line options were parsed successfully.
Definition: optparser.hpp:159
Abstract parallel finite element space.
Definition: pfespace.hpp:28
void close_connection(VisMan &v)
Definition: ex17p.cpp:98
virtual void ProjectCoefficient(Coefficient &coeff)
Project coeff Coefficient to this GridFunction. The projection computation depends on the choice of t...
Definition: pgridfunc.cpp:561
STL namespace.
virtual void SetOperator(const Operator &op) override
Also calls SetOperator for the preconditioner if there is one.
Definition: solvers.cpp:179
The BoomerAMG solver in hypre.
Definition: hypre.hpp:1590
Class for parallel linear form.
Definition: plinearform.hpp:26
virtual void SetPrintLevel(int print_lvl)
Legacy method to set the level of verbosity of the solver output.
Definition: solvers.cpp:71
void Parse()
Parse the command-line options. Note that this function expects all the options provided through the ...
Definition: optparser.cpp:151
char vishost[]
double b
Definition: lissajous.cpp:42
void UniformRefinement(int i, const DSTable &, int *, int *, int *)
Definition: mesh.cpp:10232
void SetMaxIter(int max_it)
Definition: solvers.hpp:201
virtual void SetCurvature(int order, bool discont=false, int space_dim=-1, int ordering=1)
Set the curvature of the mesh nodes using the given polynomial degree.
Definition: mesh.cpp:5635
void SetKDim(int dim)
Set the number of iteration to perform between restarts, default is 50.
Definition: solvers.hpp:538
void SetElasticityOptions(ParFiniteElementSpace *fespace)
Definition: hypre.cpp:5078
HYPRE_BigInt GlobalTrueVSize() const
Definition: pfespace.hpp:281
A general vector function coefficient.
MPI_Comm GetComm() const
MPI communicator.
Definition: hypre.hpp:534
int GetMyRank() const
Definition: pmesh.hpp:353
Array< int > bdr_attributes
A list of all unique boundary attributes used by the Mesh.
Definition: mesh.hpp:275
void SetRelTol(double rtol)
Definition: solvers.hpp:199
Abstract base class for iterative solver.
Definition: solvers.hpp:66
Base class Coefficients that optionally depend on space and time. These are used by the BilinearFormI...
Definition: coefficient.hpp:41
void AddOption(bool *var, const char *enable_short_name, const char *enable_long_name, const char *disable_short_name, const char *disable_long_name, const char *description, bool required=false)
Add a boolean option and set &#39;var&#39; to receive the value. Enable/disable tags are used to set the bool...
Definition: optparser.hpp:82
void new_window(VisMan &v)
Definition: ex17p.cpp:96
HYPRE_Int HYPRE_BigInt
GMRES method.
Definition: solvers.hpp:525
int GetNE() const
Returns number of elements.
Definition: mesh.hpp:1086
double a
Definition: lissajous.cpp:41
NURBSExtension * NURBSext
Optional NURBS mesh extension.
Definition: mesh.hpp:277
A piecewise constant coefficient with the constants keyed off the element attribute numbers...
Class for integration point with weight.
Definition: intrules.hpp:31
int GetNRanks() const
Definition: pmesh.hpp:352
double mu
Definition: ex25.cpp:140
int dim
Definition: ex24.cpp:53
Class for parallel bilinear form.
void Clear()
Clear the contents of the Mesh.
Definition: mesh.hpp:678
const double alpha
Definition: ex15.cpp:369
Vector data type.
Definition: vector.hpp:58
void SetSystemsOptions(int dim, bool order_bynodes=false)
Definition: hypre.cpp:4957
virtual void SetPreconditioner(Solver &pr)
This should be called before SetOperator.
Definition: solvers.cpp:173
void SetNodalFESpace(FiniteElementSpace *nfes) override
Definition: pmesh.cpp:2076
void GetNodes(Vector &node_coord) const
Definition: mesh.cpp:8302
void position_window(VisMan &v)
Definition: ex17p.cpp:97
double u(const Vector &xvec)
Definition: lor_mms.hpp:22
Class for parallel grid function.
Definition: pgridfunc.hpp:32
Wrapper for hypre&#39;s ParCSR matrix class.
Definition: hypre.hpp:343
Class for parallel meshes.
Definition: pmesh.hpp:32
Array< int > attributes
A list of all unique element attributes used by the Mesh.
Definition: mesh.hpp:273
Arbitrary order "L2-conforming" discontinuous finite elements.
Definition: fe_coll.hpp:327
double f(const Vector &p)
void Neg()
(*this) = -(*this)
Definition: vector.cpp:301